Basic Block of Computer | Basic of Computer | Computer fundamental
COMPUTER BASIC
Basic block of computer
The basic components of the computer and working remain the same.
The computer consists 4 main units.
-
Input unit
-
Output unit
-
processer (CPU)
-
Memory unit (Storage)
Another topics...
Input unit
Input unit is used to hold the input data for processing. It sends the input data to the central processing unit(CPU). The typical devices which
are used for inputting the data and instructions to the computer are keyboards, paper type readers, mouse etc.
An input unit is a generalised term in computer science for any ‘device’ which can be attached to a computer system which can gather data from
the real world so that it can be processed.
For example - all of these are forms of input unit :
Output unit
All the information sent to the computer once processed is received by the user through the output unit. The output unit comprises devices like a - Monitor,
Speaker, Projector, Printer etc. each of these output devices of the computer.
An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment which converts information into a human-perceptible form or, historically, into a physical
machine-readable form for use with other non-computerized equipment. It can be text, graphics, tactile, audio, or video. Examples include monitors,
printers, speakers, headphones, projectors, GPS devices, optical mark readers, and braille readers.
In an industrial setting, output devices also include "printers" for paper tape and punched cards, especially where the tape or cards are subsequently
used to control industrial equipment, such as an industrial loom with electrical robotics which is not fully computerized.
For example - all of these are forms of output unit :
processer (CPU)
A Central Processing Unit, or CPU, is functionally the most important component of a computer system. Without a CPU,
any computer is more or less non-functional. It is generally referred to as the ‘brain’ of the computer due to the
vast number of functions it performs.
A CPU is essentially a hardware that performs functions related to input and output, processing and storage of data
for a computer system. It is the main control center for all operations that happen in a computer system.
A CPU can be installed or inserted into a CPU socket. These sockets are usually located on the motherboard. Further,
a CPU is provided with a heat sink. This heat sink helps in absorbing and dissipating heat. This helps in keeping the
CPU cool and functioning smoothly. A CPU performs several essential features.
ALU- (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a
combinational digital circuit that performs arithmetic and bitwise operations
on integer binary numbers. This is in contrast to a floating-point unit (FPU), which operates on floating point numbers. It
is a fundamental building block of many types of computing circuits, including the central processing unit (CPU) of computers, FPUs,
and graphics processing units (GPUs).
The inputs to an ALU are the data to be operated on, called operands, and a code indicating the operation to be performed; the ALU's
output is the result of the performed operation. In many designs, the ALU also has status inputs or outputs, or both, which convey
information about a previous operation or the current operation, respectively, between the ALU and external status registers.
CU- (Control Unit)
The control unit (CU) is a component of a computer's
central processing unit (CPU) that directs the operation of the processor. A
CU typically uses a binary decoder to convert coded instructions into timing and control signals that direct the operation of the
other units (memory, arithmetic logic unit and input and output devices, etc.).
Most computer resources are managed by the CU. It directs the flow of data between the CPU and the other devices. John von Neumann
included the control unit as part of the von Neumann architecture. In modern computer designs, the control unit is typically an
internal part of the CPU with its overall role and operation unchanged since its introduction.
Memory unit (Storage)
In computing, memory is a device or system that is used to store information for immediate use in a computer or related computer
hardware and digital electronic devices. The term memory is often synonymous with the term primary storage or main memory. An
archaic synonym for memory is store.
Computer memory operates at a high speed compared to storage that is slower but less expensive and higher in capacity. Besides
storing opened programs, computer memory serves as disk cache and write buffer to improve both reading and writing performance.
Operating systems borrow RAM capacity for caching so long as not needed by running software. If needed, contents of the computer
memory can be transferred to storage; a common way of doing this is through a memory management technique called virtual memory.
Modern memory is implemented as semiconductor memory, where data is stored within memory cells built from MOS transistors and
other components on an integrated circuit. There are two main kinds of semiconductor memory, volatile and non-volatile. Examples
of non-volatile memory are flash memory and ROM, PROM, EPROM and EEPROM memory. Examples of volatile memory are dynamic random-access
memory (DRAM) used for primary storage, and static random-access memory (SRAM) used for CPU cache.
Basic block of computer
The basic components of the computer and working remain the same. The computer consists 4 main units.
- Input unit
- Output unit
- processer (CPU)
- Memory unit (Storage)
Another topics...
Input unit
Input unit is used to hold the input data for processing. It sends the input data to the central processing unit(CPU). The typical devices which are used for inputting the data and instructions to the computer are keyboards, paper type readers, mouse etc.An input unit is a generalised term in computer science for any ‘device’ which can be attached to a computer system which can gather data from the real world so that it can be processed.
For example - all of these are forms of input unit :
Output unit
All the information sent to the computer once processed is received by the user through the output unit. The output unit comprises devices like a - Monitor, Speaker, Projector, Printer etc. each of these output devices of the computer.An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment which converts information into a human-perceptible form or, historically, into a physical machine-readable form for use with other non-computerized equipment. It can be text, graphics, tactile, audio, or video. Examples include monitors, printers, speakers, headphones, projectors, GPS devices, optical mark readers, and braille readers.
In an industrial setting, output devices also include "printers" for paper tape and punched cards, especially where the tape or cards are subsequently used to control industrial equipment, such as an industrial loom with electrical robotics which is not fully computerized.
For example - all of these are forms of output unit :
processer (CPU)
A Central Processing Unit, or CPU, is functionally the most important component of a computer system. Without a CPU, any computer is more or less non-functional. It is generally referred to as the ‘brain’ of the computer due to the vast number of functions it performs.A CPU is essentially a hardware that performs functions related to input and output, processing and storage of data for a computer system. It is the main control center for all operations that happen in a computer system.
A CPU can be installed or inserted into a CPU socket. These sockets are usually located on the motherboard. Further, a CPU is provided with a heat sink. This heat sink helps in absorbing and dissipating heat. This helps in keeping the CPU cool and functioning smoothly. A CPU performs several essential features.
ALU- (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a combinational digital circuit that performs arithmetic and bitwise operations on integer binary numbers. This is in contrast to a floating-point unit (FPU), which operates on floating point numbers. It is a fundamental building block of many types of computing circuits, including the central processing unit (CPU) of computers, FPUs, and graphics processing units (GPUs).The inputs to an ALU are the data to be operated on, called operands, and a code indicating the operation to be performed; the ALU's output is the result of the performed operation. In many designs, the ALU also has status inputs or outputs, or both, which convey information about a previous operation or the current operation, respectively, between the ALU and external status registers.
CU- (Control Unit)
The control unit (CU) is a component of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) that directs the operation of the processor. A CU typically uses a binary decoder to convert coded instructions into timing and control signals that direct the operation of the other units (memory, arithmetic logic unit and input and output devices, etc.).Most computer resources are managed by the CU. It directs the flow of data between the CPU and the other devices. John von Neumann included the control unit as part of the von Neumann architecture. In modern computer designs, the control unit is typically an internal part of the CPU with its overall role and operation unchanged since its introduction.
Memory unit (Storage)
In computing, memory is a device or system that is used to store information for immediate use in a computer or related computer hardware and digital electronic devices. The term memory is often synonymous with the term primary storage or main memory. An archaic synonym for memory is store.Computer memory operates at a high speed compared to storage that is slower but less expensive and higher in capacity. Besides storing opened programs, computer memory serves as disk cache and write buffer to improve both reading and writing performance. Operating systems borrow RAM capacity for caching so long as not needed by running software. If needed, contents of the computer memory can be transferred to storage; a common way of doing this is through a memory management technique called virtual memory.
Modern memory is implemented as semiconductor memory, where data is stored within memory cells built from MOS transistors and other components on an integrated circuit. There are two main kinds of semiconductor memory, volatile and non-volatile. Examples of non-volatile memory are flash memory and ROM, PROM, EPROM and EEPROM memory. Examples of volatile memory are dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) used for primary storage, and static random-access memory (SRAM) used for CPU cache.
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